Kukonza mabatire agalimoto ndi e-njinga kumapulumutsa ndalama ndi zinthu, koma mavuto akulepheretsa kukula kwamakampani
Rich Benoit amalandira mafoni pafupifupi katatu patsiku kuchokera kwa eni ake a Tesla Model S wakale yemwe batri yake yayamba kulephera pa shopu yake yamagalimoto, The Electrified Garage.Mabatire omwe atha kupereka ma kilomita mazana angapo mwadzidzidzi amatha kungotha makilomita 50 pakulipira.Magalimoto amenewa nthawi zambiri samabwera ndi chitsimikizo, ndipo kulowetsa batire kumatha kupitilira $15,000.
Pazinthu zambiri, kukonza ndi njira yotsika mtengo kuposa kusinthanitsa.Benoit, yemwe amayendetsa imodzi mwamalo ogulitsa ochepa a Tesla ku US, adati mabatire ambiri a Tesla ndi okonzeka kukonzedwa.Koma chifukwa cha nthawi ndi maphunziro omwe akukhudzidwa, nkhawa za chitetezo ndi zovuta za kukonza, Benoit akuti kukonza batri ya galimoto mu sitolo yake kungawononge ndalama zokwana madola 10,000, kuposa momwe ogula ambiri amafunira kulipira.M'malo mwake, anthu ambiri amasankha kugulitsa kapena kutaya magalimoto awo akale ndikugula Tesla yatsopano, adatero.
"[Galimotoyo] ili ngati chinthu chongowonongeka tsopano, ngati TV," adatero Benoit.
Zomwe Benoit adakumana nazo zikuwonetsa vuto lomwe anthu omwe amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto amagetsi ndi zida zamagetsi zamagetsi monga ma e-bikes ndi ma e-scooters ayamba kukumana: Magalimoto awa amakhala ndi mabatire akulu, okwera mtengo omwe satha kukwanitsa pakapita nthawi.Kupanganso mabatirewa kungapereke phindu lokhazikika posunga mphamvu ndi zinthu zomwe zikanagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mabatire atsopano.Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pamagalimoto amagetsi, omwe amakhala ndi mabatire akulu kwambiri omwe amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri kuti athetse mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide womwe umapangidwa popanga.Koma magalimoto ambiri amagetsi ndi mabatire a galimoto yamagetsi amapangidwa kuti akhale ovuta kukonzanso, ndipo opanga ena amaletsa mwamphamvu mchitidwewu, ponena za chitetezo.Nkhani zamapangidwe, zofunikira zachitetezo ndi kuchepa kwa magawo kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa zimango ochepa omwe ali ndi udindo wokonza mabatire agalimoto yamagetsi kapena e-bike kuti athe kukonzanso.
Timothée Rouffignac, yemwe ali ndi kampani yaing'ono yokonza mabatire a e-bike yotchedwa Daurema ku Brussels, Belgium, anati: "Pali mabatire ambiri m'zinyalala zomwe angathe kukonzanso.Koma “chifukwa chakuti sizinali zokonzedwa, n’zovuta kupeza mtengo wabwino.”
Mabatire a lithiamu-ion mu mafoni a m'manja ali ndi "selo" yopangidwa ndi graphite anode, cathode yachitsulo ndi electrolyte yamadzimadzi yomwe imalola ma lithiamu ion kusuntha kuchokera mbali imodzi kupita ku ina, ndikupanga mphamvu zamagetsi.Mabatire anjinga yamagetsi amakhala ndi ma cell angapo.Pakalipano, mabatire a galimoto yamagetsi amatha kukhala ndi mazana mpaka masauzande a maselo amodzi, omwe nthawi zambiri amaikidwa mu "ma modules" kenako amaphatikizidwa mu mapaketi a batri.Kuphatikiza pa ma cell ndi ma modules, magalimoto amagetsi ndi mabatire a e-bike nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo kayendetsedwe ka batri kamene kamayang'anira thanzi la batri ndikuwongolera malipiro ndi kutulutsa.
Mabatire onse a lithiamu-ion amawonongeka pakapita nthawi ndipo pamapeto pake amafunikira kusinthidwa.Komabe, batire ikakhala ndi maselo ambiri amtundu uliwonse ndi zigawo zina, moyo wake nthawi zina ukhoza kuwonjezedwa kupyolera mu kukonzanso, njira yomwe imaphatikizapo kuzindikira ndi kusintha maselo owonongeka kapena ma modules, komanso kukonzanso zigawo zina zolakwika, monga njira yolakwika yoyendetsera batire.Nthawi zina, module imodzi yokha iyenera kusinthidwa.Kusintha gawoli, m'malo mosintha batire yonse, kumachepetsa kufunika kwa zitsulo monga lithiamu, komanso mpweya wa carbon womwe umagwirizanitsidwa ndi kupanga batri yolowa m'malo (kapena galimoto yatsopano).Izi zimapangitsa kukonzanso kwa batri kukhala "koyenera pachuma chozungulira (dongosolo lomwe limasunga ndikugwiritsanso ntchito zinthu)," atero a Gavin Harper, wofufuza yemwe amaphunzira kukhazikika kwa batri ku yunivesite ya Birmingham ku UK.
Ngakhale sizotsika mtengo, mutha kusunga ndalama mwa kukonza batri yanu.Kawirikawiri, kukonza batri ya EV kumawononga pafupifupi theka la mtengo wa batri yatsopano.Cox Automotive ikuyerekeza kuti kuyambira pomwe idayamba kupereka ntchito zokonzanso batri ya EV mu 2014, yapulumutsa mabatire opitilira 1 gigawatt, okwanira kuti azitha kuyendetsa magalimoto amagetsi atsopano a 17,000 kuti asatayike msanga.
"Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe kukonza kumakhala kotsika mtengo kuposa kusinthanitsa," Helps adauza Grist.
Koma akatswiri amati kukonza kwa batri ndi koopsa ndipo sikuyenera kuchitidwa kunyumba kapena kwa omwe angoyamba kumene.Ngati batire yawonongeka panthawi yokonzanso, ikhoza kuyambitsa dera lalifupi, lomwe lingayambitse moto kapena kuphulika.Kulephera kuvala magolovesi okwera kwambiri poyesa kukonza kungayambitse kugunda kwamagetsi.Ngati simukudziwa zomwe mukuchita, "mukusewera ndi moto," anatero John Matna, mwiniwake wa malo okonzera njinga zamoto ku Chattanooga Electric Bike Co. Ananena kuti mabatire ena a njinga yamagetsi ali ndi "magetsi okwanira kuti aphedwe." munthu.”
Zimathandizira kunena kuti kukonzanso kwa batri kumafuna maphunziro amphamvu kwambiri, luso lamagetsi, zida zodzitetezera, komanso "kumvetsetsa koyambira komanso momwe mabatire amagwirira ntchito."Amene akuyang'ana kukonza mabatire a EV amafunikanso zipangizo zonyamulira galimotoyo pansi ndikuchotsa mwakuthupi batri, yomwe imatha kulemera mapaundi masauzande.
"Ndi anthu ochepa omwe angathe kapena ayenera kuyesa izi," adatero Benoit.
Koma ngakhale omwe ali ndi maphunziro oyenerera nthawi zambiri amavutika kukonza galimoto yamagetsi kapena mabatire a e-bike chifukwa cha mapangidwe awo.Mabatire ambiri a e-bike amabwera m'mabokosi apulasitiki olimba omwe ndi ovuta, kapena zosatheka, kutsegula popanda kuwononga zigawo zamkati.Mkati mwa batire ya e-bike kapena ma module a batri a EV, ma cell nthawi zambiri amamatira kapena kuwotcherera palimodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kapena zosatheka kuzisintha payekhapayekha.Kuphatikiza apo, monga lipoti la 2021 lochokera ku European Environment Agency likuwunikira, mabatire ena a EV amakhala ndi mapulogalamu omwe angapangitse batire kuzimitsa ngati pali zizindikiro zosokoneza.
Opanga amati mabatire awo adapangidwa kuti apititse patsogolo chitetezo, kulimba ndi magwiridwe antchito, koma izi zitha kubwera pakuwonongeka, monga opanga ambiri omwe amaphimba nthawi yachitsimikizo (nthawi zambiri zaka ziwiri zamakina akuluakulu ndi ma e-bike) amapereka m'malo mwaulere. kapena pamtengo wotsika.mabatire.Magalimoto amagetsi amatha zaka 8 mpaka 10 kapena 100,000 mailosi).Komano, olimbikitsa kukonza amatsutsa kuti zomangira zokhala ndi zomangira zosinthika monga zomata zochotseka kapena matepi omatira sizisokoneza chitetezo komanso kuti zabwino zamapangidwe okonza zimaposa mtengo wake.
Atsogoleri a ndale a ku Ulaya akuyamba kumvetsera olimbikitsa.Mu Ogasiti, European Union idakhazikitsa lamulo latsopano lomwe cholinga chake chinali kupanga mabatire kuti asawononge chilengedwe.Mwa zina, zikuphatikiza makonzedwe oti mabatire omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa njinga zamagetsi ndi "magalimoto opepuka" ena monga ma e-scooters kuti azithandizidwa ndi akatswiri odziyimira pawokha, mpaka pamlingo wa cell.Makampani opanga ma e-bike ku Europe adatsutsa kwambiri lamuloli chifukwa chodera nkhawa za chitetezo, chiphaso cha batri ndi udindo walamulo, ndipo tsopano akulimbana ndi momwe angatsatire.
"Tikuyang'anabe momwe tingakwaniritsire zofunikira za malamulo atsopano a batri a EU pamene tikutsatira malamulo otetezeka omwe timagwiritsa ntchito komanso miyezo yathu yapamwamba," Bosch wopanga mabatire a e-bike anauza Grist.Bosch adawona zovuta zomwe opanga amapanga."Zosiyanazi zikuwonekera ku United States," kumene "malamulo okhwima ndi miyezo yapamwamba ikuyambitsidwa pa mabatire ndi machitidwe a e-bike."
M'malo mwake, Federal Consumer Product Safety Commission posachedwapa yalengeza kuti ikuwunikanso malamulo a ma e-bike ndi mabatire awo.Zimabwera pambuyo poti moto waposachedwa wa mabatire a e-bike udapangitsanso kuti achitepo kanthu.Bungwe la New York City Council posachedwapa linasintha malamulo ake amoto kuti aletse "kusonkhanitsa kapena kukonza mabatire a lithiamu-ion" kuchokera ku mabatire ogwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera ku mabatire ena, omwe okonza nthawi zina amachita.
Mzindawu udaperekanso lamulo laposachedwa loti opanga magalimoto amagetsi awonetsetse kuti mabatire azinthu zawo ali ndi satifiketi ya UL 2271, yomwe cholinga chake ndi kukonza chitetezo.Mabatire opangidwanso amakwaniritsa zofunikira izi, adatero Ibrahim Jilani, mtsogoleri wapadziko lonse waukadaulo wa ogula ku UL Solutions, kampani yamayiko osiyanasiyana yomwe imayesa miyezo yachitetezo chachitetezo chazinthu zambiri zamafakitale ndi ogula ndi zida.One Standard.Koma Gilani adati makampani okonza adzayenera "kusunga mapangidwewo monga momwe analili asanakonzere," kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mabatire ndi zipangizo zamagetsi zomwe zimapangidwira komanso chitsanzo.Malo ogulitsa mabatire ayeneranso kuyang'aniridwa ndi UL pamalopo kanayi pachaka, zomwe zimawawonongera ndalama zoposa $ 5,000 pachaka, adatero Jilani.*
Poyerekeza ndi njinga zamagetsi, opanga malamulo akhala omasuka pokonza mabatire a EV.Palibe malamulo kapena malamulo enieni ku United States omwe amathetsa vutoli.Malamulo atsopano a batire a EU samakhudzanso kukonza mabatire agalimoto yamagetsi, koma amangolimbikitsa opanga malamulo kuti asinthe malamulo agalimoto imodzi "kuti awonetsetse kuti mabatirewa atha kuchotsedwa, kusinthidwa ndi kuthetsedwa."
Bungwe la inshuwaransi ku Germany GDV "imathandizira kwambiri" lingaliroli, wolankhulira adauza Grist.M'mwezi wa Okutobala, gululo lidasindikiza zotsatira za kafukufuku yemwe adapeza kuti magalimoto amagetsi amawononga gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu kuti akonze kuposa magalimoto oyendera petulo, zomwe zidafotokozedwa pang'onopang'ono ndi kukwera mtengo kwa kukonza kapena kusintha mabatire.
"Magalimoto ambiri sangalole kukonzanso kwa batri ngakhale bokosi la batri litawonongeka pang'ono," wolankhulira GDV adauza Grist.Opanga magalimoto nthawi zina amasankha kusintha batire ngati galimoto yachita ngozi pomwe airbag idayikidwa.Zochita zonsezi "zikhoza kubweretsa ndalama zowonjezera" ndipo pamapeto pake ndalama za inshuwaransi zapamwamba, adatero wolankhulirayo.
Malamulo atsopano okhudza kukonzanso kwa mabatire a galimoto yamagetsi amabwera panthawi yovuta.Cox Automotive's Helps inati pali zinthu ziwiri zomwe zimachitika nthawi imodzi pamapangidwe a batri a EV: "Mabatire atha kukhala osavuta kusamalira kapena sangathe kuwasamalira konse."
Mabatire ena, monga mabatire a Volkswagen ID.4, ali ndi ma module a Lego omwe ndi osavuta kuchotsa ndikusintha.Ma batire ena, monga batire yatsopano ya Tesla 4680, alibe ma module konse.M'malo mwake, ma cell onse amalumikizidwa pamodzi ndikumangidwira ku batire paketi yokha.Imathandiza kufotokoza kapangidwe kake ngati "kosatheka kukonzanso".Ngati batire yowonongeka ikapezeka, batire yonseyo iyenera kusinthidwa.
"Akadali batire yosinthika kwathunthu," a Helps adatero."Simungathe kukonza."
Nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa koyambirira ndi Grist, bungwe lopanda phindu lofotokoza zanyengo, chilungamo ndi mayankho.
Scientific American ndi mbali ya Springer Nature, yomwe ili kapena maubwenzi amalonda ndi zikwi zofalitsa za sayansi (zambiri zomwe zingapezeke pa www.springernature.com/us).Scientific American ili ndi mfundo zokhwima zodziimira paokha popereka lipoti la kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi kwa owerenga athu.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-26-2023